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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">SQL/PSM</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="../Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="../Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">1996</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="../Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><a href="../SQL%3A2023" title="SQL:2023">SQL:2023</a>

</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="../Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="../Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform (multi-platform)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Major <a href="../Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="../PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a><br> <a href="../MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>/<a href="../MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a> <br>IBM's <a href="../SQL_PL" title="SQL PL">SQL PL</a><br><a href="../Mimer_SQL" title="Mimer SQL">Mimer SQL</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #EEEEEE;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="../PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a> <br> <a href="../Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>SQL/PSM</b> (<a href="../SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>/Persistent Stored Modules) is an <a href="../ISO_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standard">ISO standard</a> mainly defining an extension of SQL with a <a href="../Procedural_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Procedural language">procedural language</a> for use in <a href="../Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">stored procedures</a>. Initially published in 1996 as an extension of <a href="../SQL-92" title="SQL-92">SQL-92</a> (ISO/IEC 9075-4:1996, a version sometimes called PSM-96 or even SQL-92/PSM<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), SQL/PSM was later incorporated into the multi-part <a href="../SQL%3A1999" title="SQL:1999">SQL:1999</a> standard, and has been part 4 of that standard since then, most recently in <a href="../SQL%3A2023" title="SQL:2023">SQL:2023</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SQL:1999 part 4 covered less than the original PSM-96 because the SQL statements for defining, managing, and invoking routines were actually incorporated into part 2 SQL/Foundation, leaving only the procedural language itself as SQL/PSM.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SQL/PSM facilities are still optional as far as the SQL standard is concerned; most of them are grouped in Features P001-P008.

</p><p>SQL/PSM standardizes syntax and semantics for <a href="../Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a>, <a href="../Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> (called "condition handling" in SQL/PSM), local variables, assignment of expressions to variables and parameters, and (procedural) use of <a href="../Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">cursors</a>. It also defines an information schema (<a href="../Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>) for stored procedures. SQL/PSM is one language in which <a href="../Method_(computer_programming)" title="Method (computer programming)">methods</a> for the SQL:1999 <a href="../Structured_type" title="Structured type">structured types</a> can be defined. The other is Java, via <a href="../SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL/JRT</a>.

</p><p>SQL/PSM is derived, seemingly directly, from Oracle's <a href="../PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a>. Oracle developed PL/SQL and released it in 1991, basing the language on the <a href="../United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">US Department of Defense</a>'s <a href="../Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada programming language</a>. However, Oracle has maintained a distance from the standard in its documentation. IBM's <a href="../SQL_PL" title="SQL PL">SQL PL</a> (used in DB2) and <a href="../Mimer_SQL" title="Mimer SQL">Mimer SQL</a>'s PSM<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were the first two products officially implementing SQL/PSM. It is commonly thought that these two languages, and perhaps also <a href="../MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a>/<a href="../MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a>'s procedural language, are closest to the SQL/PSM standard.

<sup id="cite_ref-MariaDB_Stored_Procedure_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MariaDB_Stored_Procedure-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a <a href="../PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> addon implements SQL/PSM<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (alongside its other procedural languages like the PL/SQL-derived plpgsql), although it is not part of the core product.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="../Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> functionality in <a href="../Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a> was developed entirely through SQL/PSM, combined with custom datatypes (e.g., <code>ANY</code> for handling URI and Literal relation objects), sophisticated indexing, and flexible physical storage choices (column-wise or row-wise).

</p>

<p>The following implementations adopt the standard, but they are not 100% compatible to SQL/PSM:

</p><p><a href="../Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a>:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="../HSQLDB" title="HSQLDB">HSQLDB</a> stored procedures and functions<sup id="cite_ref-SQL/PSM_routines_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL/PSM_routines-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="../MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> stored procedures<sup id="cite_ref-HarrisonFeuerstein2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarrisonFeuerstein2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="../MariaDB" title="MariaDB">MariaDB</a> stored procedures<sup id="cite_ref-MariaDB_Stored_Procedure_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MariaDB_Stored_Procedure-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="../Virtuoso_Universal_Server" title="Virtuoso Universal Server">OpenLink Virtuoso</a> SQL Procedures (VSP)<sup id="cite_ref-SQL_Procedure_Language_Guide_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SQL_Procedure_Language_Guide-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="../PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> <a href="../PL/pgSQL" title="PL/pgSQL">PL/pgSQL</a></li></ul>

<p>Proprietary:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="../Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle</a> <a href="../PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a></li>

<li><a href="../Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft</a> and <a href="../Sybase_ASE" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybase ASE">Sybase</a> <a href="../Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">Transact-SQL</a></li>

<li>Invantive Procedural SQL<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="../Mimer_SQL" title="Mimer SQL">Mimer SQL</a> stored procedures <sup id="cite_ref-Mimer_SQL_PSM_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mimer_SQL_PSM-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGulutzan2015" class="citation cs2">Gulutzan, Peter (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocelot.ca/blog/blog/2015/01/15/stored-procedures-critiques-and-defences/"><i>Stored Procedures: critiques and defences</i></a></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg1996" class="citation journal cs1">Eisenberg, A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F245882.245907">"New standard for stored procedures in SQL"</a>. <i>ACM SIGMOD Record</i>. <b>25</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>88. <a href="../Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F245882.245907">10.1145/245882.245907</a></span>. <a href="../S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13023149">13023149</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2">"SQL:2023", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76585.html"><i>Catalogue</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(webshop)</span>, ISO</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonSimon2002" class="citation book cs1">Melton, Jim; Simon, Alan R (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sql1999understan0000melt/page/541"><i>SQL: 1999</i></a></span>. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sql1999understan0000melt/page/541">541–42</a>. <a href="../ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55860-456-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mimer.com/article/stored-procedures-in-mimer-sql/">"Stored Procedures in Mimer SQL"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-HarrisonFeuerstein2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarrisonFeuerstein2008_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarrisonFeuerstein2008_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonFeuerstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Guy; Feuerstein, Steven (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YpeP0ok0cO4C&pg=PT75"><i>MySQL Stored Procedure Programming</i></a>. O'Reilly. p. 49. <a href="../ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-596-10089-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MariaDB_Stored_Procedure-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MariaDB_Stored_Procedure_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MariaDB_Stored_Procedure_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/stored-procedures/">"Stored Procedures"</a>. <i>MariaDB KnowledgeBase</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/okbob/plpsm0"><i>plpsm0</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(git)</span> (repository), 7 July 2020</cite>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/1305291347.14548.13.camel@jara.office.nic.cz"><i>Announce</i></a>, PostgreSQL, May 2011</cite>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/CAFj8pRDWFdcjNSnwQB_3j1-rMO6b8=TmLTNBvDCSpRrOW2Dfeg@mail.gmail.com">"PostgreSQL: Proposal: PL/pgPSM for 9.3"</a>. <i>www.postgresql.org</i>. 22 February 2012.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://postgres.cz/wiki/SQL/PSM_Manual"><i>SQL/PSM</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(wigl)</span> (manual), PostgreSQL, 2008</cite>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.2/static/features.html">"SQL Conformance"</a>, <i>Documentation</i> (9.2 ed.), PostgreSQL</cite>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SQL/PSM_routines-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQL/PSM_routines_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/guide/sqlroutines-chapt.html#src_psm_routines">"Chapter 8. SQL-Invoked Routines"</a>. <i>hsqldb.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SQL_Procedure_Language_Guide-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SQL_Procedure_Language_Guide_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.openlinksw.com/virtuoso/ch-sqlprocedures/">"Chapter 11. SQL Procedure Language Guide"</a>. <i>docs.openlinksw.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documentation.invantive.com/2017R2/invantive-sql-grammar/invantive-sql-grammar-17.30.html#pSqlBlock">"Invantive SQL v2.0 Grammar"</a>. <i>Invantive</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mimer_SQL_PSM-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mimer_SQL_PSM_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.mimer.com/MimerSqlManual/latest/Manuals/PSM/PSM.htm">"Mimer SQL Stored Procedures"</a>. <i>docs.mimer.com</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Jim Melton, <i>Understanding SQL's Stored Procedures: A Complete Guide to SQL/PSM</i>, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1998, <a href="../ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55860-461-8</bdi></li></ul>

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</style><div id="SQL70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="../SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="../SEQUEL" class="mw-redirect" title="SEQUEL">SEQUEL</a></li>

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<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="../Create_(SQL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Create (SQL)">Create</a></span></li>

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<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="../Group_by_(SQL)" title="Group by (SQL)">Group by</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="../Having_(SQL)" title="Having (SQL)">Having</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="../Insert_(SQL)" title="Insert (SQL)">Insert</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="../Merge_(SQL)" title="Merge (SQL)">Merge</a></span></li>

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<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="../Select_(SQL)" title="Select (SQL)">Select</a></span></li>

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<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="../Set_operations_(SQL)" title="Set operations (SQL)">Union</a></span></li>

<li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="../Update_(SQL)" title="Update (SQL)">Update</a></span></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="../Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar Codd</a></li>

<li><a href="../Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC SQL parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Framework</li>

<li>Foundation</li>

<li><a href="../SQL/CLI" class="mw-redirect" title="SQL/CLI">Call-Level Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="../SQL/MED" title="SQL/MED">Management of External Data</a></li>

<li><a href="../SQL/OLB" title="SQL/OLB">Object Language Bindings</a></li>

<li><a href="../SQL/Schemata" title="SQL/Schemata">Information and Definition Schemas</a></li>

<li><a href="../SQL/JRT" title="SQL/JRT">SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language</a></li>

<li><a href="../SQL/XML" title="SQL/XML">XML-Related Specifications</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-06-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=SQL%2FPSM&oldid=1158396221">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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